macOS APFS命令行
在构建 darwin-jail 时，可以看到macOS的chroot目录是非常庞大的，如果没有结合 APFS 卷管理进行有效的 snapshot / clone ，那么jail的价值就非常低。
APFS的GUI程序Disk Utility缺乏一些特定的功能，需要通过命令行来补充(例如不能仅umount而不弹出)。不过，命令行 diskutils 实际上也比较复杂，需要仔细归类整理学习。
警告
我这里的一些案例是我参考学习笔记，针对我自己的笔记本上环境:
当前系统挂载卷情况
Filesystem Size Used Avail Capacity iused ifree %iused Mounted on
/dev/disk1s1s1 233Gi 10Gi 66Gi 14% 425k 689M 0% /
devfs 209Ki 209Ki 0Bi 100% 724 0 100% /dev
/dev/disk1s2 233Gi 2.3Gi 66Gi 4% 2.9k 689M 0% /System/Volumes/Preboot
/dev/disk1s6 233Gi 7.0Gi 66Gi 10% 7 689M 0% /System/Volumes/VM
/dev/disk1s5 233Gi 4.0Mi 66Gi 1% 30 689M 0% /System/Volumes/Update
/dev/disk1s4 233Gi 147Gi 66Gi 70% 1.1M 689M 0% /System/Volumes/Data
map auto_home 0Bi 0Bi 0Bi 100% 0 0 - /System/Volumes/Data/home
/dev/disk3s1 16Gi 16Gi 469Mi 98% 524k 4.8M 10% /Library/Developer/CoreSimulator/Volumes/iOS_21F79
/dev/disk5s1 8.4Gi 8.1Gi 248Mi 98% 13 2.5M 0% /Library/Developer/CoreSimulator/Cryptex/Images/bundle/SimRuntimeBundle-60102D0A-9DCB-436B-865C-4450EEA066C6
/dev/disk7s1 18Gi 18Gi 472Mi 98% 459k 4.8M 9% /Library/Developer/CoreSimulator/Volumes/iOS_22C150
你的环境可能不同，需要自行调整。
检查和修复 fsck_apfs
使用Disk Utiulity的首要目标是使用 fsck_apfs 修复，不过需要仔细核对确认需要检查卷的设备名，例如 disk3s1 ，并且检查卷是否加密。
备注
diskutil apfs unlockVolume 是用来解锁一个加密数据卷，这里只是做一个案例演示，我没有加密卷
如果没有指定解锁路径，就会尝试解锁当前根文件系统的数据卷
-W 尝试使用空密码解锁
解锁一个卷并且不挂载卷案例:
解锁卷并且不挂载卷
# 我这里尝试用一个模拟器卷设备来实践
diskutil apfs unlockVolume /dev/disk7s1 -nomount
这里我遇到提示是这个卷已经 unlock 过了，所以实际没有变化:
解锁卷并且不挂载卷，不过卷已经unlock
The APFS Volume disk7s1 is already unlocked (mounted)
对于 unlock 的卷就可以执行 fsck_apfs ，有一些常用选项:
-S: 跳过检查 APFS快照-n: 只检查不修复-y: 尝试修复所有找到的错误-q: 执行快速检查(quick check)来验证快照和超级块检查点是否正常
检查APFS
fsck_apfs -n /dev/disk7s1
apfs_fsck 检查不需要 umount ，我的实践案例输出类似如下:
检查APFS输出案例
** Checking the container superblock.
Checking the checkpoint with transaction ID 378.
** Checking the space manager.
** Checking the space manager free queue trees.
** Checking the object map.
** Checking volume /dev/rdisk7s1.
** Checking the APFS volume superblock.
The volume iOS 18.2 Simulator was formatted by newfs_apfs (2142.41.2.100.2) and last modified by apfs_sealvolume (2317.60.23.0.1.
** Checking the object map.
** Checking the snapshot metadata tree.
** Checking the snapshot metadata.
** Checking the fsroot tree.
** Checking the file extent tree.
** Checking the extent ref tree.
** Verifying volume object map space.
** Verifying allocated space.
** The volume /dev/rdisk7s1 with UUID 3C7EC13C-C4A2-41D3-99F9-ABE9C63638CF appears to be OK.
其他的一些案例组合:
fsck_apfs 案例# 检查卷但不修复卷，包括快照
fsck_apfs -n /dev/disk7s1
# 检查卷并自动修复所有错误，包括快照
fsck_apfs -y /dev/disk7s1
# 检查卷但不修复卷，不包括快照
fsck_apfs -n -S /dev/disk7s1
# 检查卷但不修复卷，不包括快照
fsck_apfs -n -S /dev/disk7
使用 diskutil 获取信息
diskutil 提供了获取文件系统信息的功能
快速发现设备标识和简短综述:
设备列表
diskutil list
输出案例:
只有
disk0 是物理存储设备/dev/disk0 (internal, physical):
#: TYPE NAME SIZE IDENTIFIER
0: GUID_partition_scheme *251.0 GB disk0
1: EFI EFI 314.6 MB disk0s1
2: Apple_APFS Container disk1 250.7 GB disk0s2
/dev/disk1 (synthesized):
#: TYPE NAME SIZE IDENTIFIER
0: APFS Container Scheme - +250.7 GB disk1
Physical Store disk0s2
1: APFS Volume macOS 11.2 GB disk1s1
2: APFS Snapshot com.apple.os.update-... 11.2 GB disk1s1s1
3: APFS Volume Preboot 2.5 GB disk1s2
4: APFS Volume Recovery 1.3 GB disk1s3
5: APFS Volume macOS - 数据 148.5 GB disk1s4
6: APFS Volume VM 7.5 GB disk1s6
/dev/disk2 (disk image):
#: TYPE NAME SIZE IDENTIFIER
0: GUID_partition_scheme +17.6 GB disk2
1: Apple_APFS Container disk3 17.6 GB disk2s1
/dev/disk3 (synthesized):
#: TYPE NAME SIZE IDENTIFIER
0: APFS Container Scheme - +17.6 GB disk3
Physical Store disk2s1
1: APFS Volume iOS 17.5 21F79 Simul... 17.0 GB disk3s1
/dev/disk4 (disk image):
#: TYPE NAME SIZE IDENTIFIER
0: GUID_partition_scheme +9.0 GB disk4
1: Apple_APFS Container disk5 9.0 GB disk4s1
/dev/disk5 (synthesized):
#: TYPE NAME SIZE IDENTIFIER
0: APFS Container Scheme - +9.0 GB disk5
Physical Store disk4s1
1: APFS Volume iOS 18.2 Simulator B... 8.7 GB disk5s1
/dev/disk6 (disk image):
#: TYPE NAME SIZE IDENTIFIER
0: GUID_partition_scheme +19.8 GB disk6
1: Apple_APFS Container disk7 19.8 GB disk6s1
/dev/disk7 (synthesized):
#: TYPE NAME SIZE IDENTIFIER
0: APFS Container Scheme - +19.8 GB disk7
Physical Store disk6s1
1: APFS Volume iOS 18.2 Simulator 19.3 GB disk7s1
提供完整的扩展信息列表:
输出完整扩展列表
diskutil info -all
可以看到整个系统完整的磁盘信息:
输出完整扩展列表
Device Identifier: disk0
Device Node: /dev/disk0
Whole: Yes
Part of Whole: disk0
Device / Media Name: APPLE SSD AP0256M
Volume Name: Not applicable (no file system)
Mounted: Not applicable (no file system)
File System: None
Content (IOContent): GUID_partition_scheme
OS Can Be Installed: No
Media Type: Generic
Protocol: PCI-Express
SMART Status: Verified
Disk Size: 251.0 GB (251000193024 Bytes) (exactly 490234752 512-Byte-Units)
Device Block Size: 4096 Bytes
Media OS Use Only: No
Media Read-Only: No
Volume Read-Only: Not applicable (no file system)
Device Location: Internal
Removable Media: Fixed
Solid State: Yes
Virtual: No
Hardware AES Support: Yes
**********
Device Identifier: disk0s1
Device Node: /dev/disk0s1
Whole: No
Part of Whole: disk0
Volume Name: EFI
Mounted: No
Partition Type: EFI
File System Personality: MS-DOS FAT32
Type (Bundle): msdos
Name (User Visible): MS-DOS (FAT32)
OS Can Be Installed: No
Media Type: Generic
Protocol: PCI-Express
SMART Status: Verified
Volume UUID: E783267B-A4C3-3556-B751-DBED770EB996
Disk / Partition UUID: A4B42C4A-9409-44CE-9BF9-FF1F3A1FBA5E
Partition Offset: 24576 Bytes (6 4096-Byte-Device-Blocks)
Disk Size: 314.6 MB (314572800 Bytes) (exactly 614400 512-Byte-Units)
Device Block Size: 4096 Bytes
Volume Total Space: 0 B (0 Bytes) (exactly 0 512-Byte-Units)
Volume Free Space: 0 B (0 Bytes) (exactly 0 512-Byte-Units)
Media OS Use Only: No
Media Read-Only: No
Volume Read-Only: Not applicable (not mounted)
Device Location: Internal
Removable Media: Fixed
Solid State: Yes
Hardware AES Support: Yes
**********
Device Identifier: disk0s2
Device Node: /dev/disk0s2
Whole: No
Part of Whole: disk0
Volume Name: Not applicable (no file system)
Mounted: Not applicable (no file system)
File System: None
Partition Type: Apple_APFS
OS Can Be Installed: No
Media Type: Generic
Protocol: PCI-Express
SMART Status: Verified
Disk / Partition UUID: 6114F496-C5BA-4169-B391-4204FCF43C87
Partition Offset: 314597376 Bytes (76806 4096-Byte-Device-Blocks)
Disk Size: 250.7 GB (250685575168 Bytes) (exactly 489620264 512-Byte-Units)
Device Block Size: 4096 Bytes
Media OS Use Only: No
Media Read-Only: No
Volume Read-Only: Not applicable (no file system)
Device Location: Internal
Removable Media: Fixed
Solid State: Yes
Hardware AES Support: Yes
This disk is an APFS Physical Store. APFS Information:
APFS Container: disk1
Fusion Drive: No
**********
Device Identifier: disk1
Device Node: /dev/disk1
Whole: Yes
Part of Whole: disk1
Device / Media Name: APPLE SSD AP0256M
Volume Name: Not applicable (no file system)
Mounted: Not applicable (no file system)
File System: None
Content (IOContent): EF57347C-0000-11AA-AA11-00306543ECAC
OS Can Be Installed: No
Media Type: Generic
Protocol: PCI-Express
SMART Status: Verified
Disk / Partition UUID: 4A1E5071-CE57-439A-AC03-534611B723A8
Disk Size: 250.7 GB (250685575168 Bytes) (exactly 489620264 512-Byte-Units)
Device Block Size: 4096 Bytes
Media OS Use Only: No
Media Read-Only: No
Volume Read-Only: Not applicable (no file system)
Device Location: Internal
Removable Media: Fixed
Solid State: Yes
Virtual: Yes
Hardware AES Support: Yes
This disk is an APFS Container. APFS Information:
APFS Physical Store: disk0s2
Fusion Drive: No
EFI Driver Version: 2332101001000000
...
可以看到:
disk0是物理介质APPLE SSD AP0256M
disk1是APFS Container
非常有用的命令
diskutil apfs list( 非常类似 ZFSzfs list)
能够以树状结构展示出整个APFS文件系统分布，非常形象
diskutil apfs list
可以清晰地看出APFS的磁盘分布结构
检查所有挂载的卷组:
列出卷组(仅显示containers)
diskutil apfs listVolumeGroups
输出类似:
列出卷组(仅显示containers)
APFS Containers (4 found)
|
+-- Container disk1 4A1E5071-CE57-439A-AC03-534611B723A8
| |
| +-> Volume Group 564530EF-88C5-412F-8412-4C16B78006D1
| =================================================
| APFS Volume Disk (Role): disk1s1 (System)
| Name: macOS
| Volume UUID: C0DA95D4-1A9C-473E-9DEE-F72D11E07DCB
| Capacity Consumed: 11240091648 B (11.2 GB)
| -------------------------------------------------
| APFS Volume Disk (Role): disk1s4 (Data)
| Name: macOS - 数据
| Volume UUID: 564530EF-88C5-412F-8412-4C16B78006D1
| Capacity Consumed: 148546113536 B (148.5 GB)
|
+-- Container disk3 04883FB1-412C-4A2D-89E4-B10E1E6F9770
| |
| +-> No Volume Groups among 1 Volume
|
+-- Container disk5 D007A0BD-6331-488D-9957-E67413333D03
| |
| +-> No Volume Groups among 1 Volume
|
+-- Container disk7 89237CE4-8B2E-480E-9446-4C5999F41232
|
+-> No Volume Groups among 1 Volume
列出加密(安全Token)用户:
列出加密用户
diskutil apfs listUsers /
输出
列出加密用户
Cryptographic users for disk1s1s1 (2 found)
|
+-- 72C3FE7C-8A09-44A7-A27B-3709437EE746
| Type: Local Open Directory User
|
+-- 819878E2-1799-467F-A7D3-675A3FD4CCDA
Type: Local Open Directory User
diskutil 的主要工具
diskutil apfs [verb] 提供了一系列功能:
listlistSnapshotslistVolumeGroupsconvert: 将HFS+转换为APFScreate: 创建一个简单卷createContainer: 创建空白容器deleteContainerresizeContaineraddVolumedeleteVolumedeleteVolumeGroup...
备注
还有很多参数有待后续实践再补充整理